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A review article is a comprehensive summary and critical analysis of existing research on a particular subject. Unlike original research articles, which present new data , review articles focus on analyzing previously published studies to give a broad and deep understanding of the topic. They play a major role in scientific progress because they help researchers, students, and professionals stay updated with the current state of knowledge , identify research gaps , and explore future directions . It is most commonly used in scientific, medical, pharmaceutical, and academic fields. 📚 Types of Review Articles Review articles come in several types depending on the purpose and structure: 1. Narrative Review Also known as literature review . Provides a qualitative , descriptive summary of the existing literature. Often used to give a broad overview of a topic. Focuses on background, key concepts, debates, theories , and current understanding . Less structured th...

 The human body is an intricate and complex machine, and at the heart of its functioning lies the Central Nervous System (CNS). The CNS acts as the command center, processing information and controlling various functions necessary for survival. Understanding the CNS is crucial for comprehending how we move, think, feel, and respond to our environment. What is the Central Nervous System? The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of two primary components: The Brain – The control center that processes information, regulates bodily functions, and enables cognitive abilities. The Spinal Cord – The communication pathway that transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The CNS works in coordination with the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) to relay sensory input and motor responses, ensuring smooth body functioning. Functions of the CNS The CNS is responsible for several critical functions, including: 1️⃣ Processing and Interpreting Sensory Information The CNS receives s...

  Viruses  are tiny infectious agents that can only replicate inside the cells of a host organism. Unlike bacteria, they do not have their own metabolism, which makes them challenging to target with medications. However, antiviral drugs are specifically designed to interfere with viral replication and help treat viral infections. How Do Antiviral Drugs Work? Antiviral medications work by targeting different stages of the viral life cycle. The main mechanisms include: Preventing Virus Entry – Some drugs block the virus from entering human cells, stopping the infection before it starts. Example : Maraviroc (used for HIV) prevents the virus from binding to receptors on immune cells. Inhibiting Viral Replication – These drugs stop the virus from making copies of itself inside the host cell. Example : Acyclovir is used for herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections by interfering with viral DNA synthesis. Preventing Viral Assembly and Release – Some antivirals stop the formation of new...

  Experimental pharmacology is an essential field that helps us understand how drugs work in living organisms. Scientists use various instruments to test drug effects on isolated tissues and whole animals. Let’s explore these instruments in detail in simple and easy-to-understand language. 1. Instruments for Whole Animal Studies These instruments help in studying drug effects on live animals like rats and mice. A. Behavioral Studies 1. Rotarod Apparatus This instrument tests the muscle coordination and balance of rodents. A rod keeps rotating, and the animal has to maintain its grip. If the animal falls, the time is recorded to assess muscle function. 2. Actophotometer This is used to measure the movement or locomotor activity of animals. It works with light beams; when the animal moves, it interrupts the beam, and the activity is recorded. 3. Electroconvulsometer Used to study seizures and test anticonvulsant drugs. It delivers an electric shock to the animal and records convulsio...